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@ -121,17 +121,17 @@ We use this series of theoretical best estimates to benchmark a series of popula
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Accurately describing transition energies between the electronic ground state (GS) and excited states (ES) remains an important challenge in quantum chemistry. When dealing with large compounds in complex environments,
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Accurately describing transition energies between the electronic ground state (GS) and excited states (ES) remains an important challenge in quantum chemistry. When dealing with large compounds in complex environments,
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one is typically limited to the use of time-dependent density-functional theory (TD-DFT), \cite{Cas95,Ulr12b,Ada13a} a successful yet far from flawless approach. In particular, to perform TD-DFT calculations, one must
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one is typically limited to the use of time-dependent density-functional theory (TD-DFT), \cite{Cas95,Ulr12b,Ada13a} a successful yet far from flawless approach. In particular, to perform TD-DFT calculations, one must
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choose an ``appropriate'' exchange-correlation functional, which is difficult yet primordial as the impact of the exchange-correlation functional is exacerbated in TD-DFT as compared to DFT. \cite{Lau13} Such selection can, of course, rely
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choose an ``appropriate'' exchange-correlation functional, which is difficult yet primordial as the impact of the exchange-correlation functional is exacerbated within TD-DFT as compared to DFT. \cite{Lau13} Such selection can, of course, rely
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on the intrinsic features of each exchange-correlation functional, \eg, it is well-known that range-separated hybrids provide a more physically-sound description of long-range charge-transfer transitions than semi-local exchange-correlation functionals. \cite{Dre04,Pea08}
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on the intrinsic features of the various exchange-correlation functional families, \eg, it is well-known that range-separated hybrids provide a more physically-sound description of long-range charge-transfer transitions than semi-local exchange-correlation functionals. \cite{Dre04,Pea08}
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However, to obtain a quantitative assessment of the accuracy that can be expected from TD-DFT calculations, benchmarks are needed. This is why many assessment of TD-DFT performances for various properties are
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However, to obtain a quantitative assessment of the accuracy that can be expected from TD-DFT calculations, benchmarks cannot be avoided. This is why so many assessments of TD-DFT performances for various properties are
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available. \cite{Lau13} While several of these benchmarks use experimental data as reference, typically band shapes \cite{Die04,Die04b,Avi13,Cha13,Lat15b,Mun15,Vaz15,San16b} or 0-0 energies,
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available. \cite{Lau13} While several of these benchmarks rely on experimental data as reference (typically band shapes \cite{Die04,Die04b,Avi13,Cha13,Lat15b,Mun15,Vaz15,San16b} or 0-0 energies
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\cite{Die04b,Goe10a,Jac12d,Chi13b,Win13,Fan14b,Jac14a,Jac15b,Loo19b} using theoretical best estimates (TBE) obtained with more refined levels of theory as references, \cite{Sch08,Sau09,Sil10b,Sil10c,Sch17,Loo18a}
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\cite{Die04b,Goe10a,Jac12d,Chi13b,Win13,Fan14b,Jac14a,Jac15b,Loo19b}), reference from theoretical best estimates (TBE) based on state-of-the-art computational methods \cite{Sch08,Sau09,Sil10b,Sil10c,Sch17,Loo18a}
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is advantageous as it allows comparisons on a perfectly equal footing (same geometry, vertical transitions, no environmental effects...). For such works, the challenge is in fact to obtain accurate TBE, as high-level theories
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is advantageous as it allows comparisons on a perfectly equal footing (same geometry, vertical transitions, no environmental effects, etc). In such a case, the challenge is in fact to obtain accurate TBE, as these top-notch theoretical models
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generally come with a dreadful scaling with system size and, in addition, typically require large atomic basis sets to deliver transition energies close to the basis set limit.
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generally come with a dreadful scaling with system size and, in addition, typically require large atomic basis sets to deliver transition energies close to the complete basis set (CBS) limit.
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More than 20 years ago, Serrano-Andr\`es, Roos, and their coworkers proposed an impressive series of reference transition energies for several typical conjugated organic molecules (butadiene, furan, pyrrole, tetrazine...).
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More than 20 years ago, Serrano-Andr\`es, Roos, and coworkers compiled an impressive series of reference transition energies for several typical conjugated organic molecules (butadiene, furan, pyrrole, tetrazine, \ldots).
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\cite{Ful92,Ser93,Ser93b,Ser93c,Lor95b,Mer96,Mer96b,Roo96,Ser96b} To this end, they relied on the Complete Active Space Second-Order Perturbation Theory ({\CASPT}) approach with the largest active spaces and basis sets
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\cite{Ful92,Ser93,Ser93b,Ser93c,Lor95b,Mer96,Mer96b,Roo96,Ser96b} To this end, they relied on experimental GS geometries and the complete-active-space second-order perturbation theory ({\CASPT}) approach with the largest active spaces and basis sets
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they could offer at that time, typically using experimental GS geometries. Beyond comparisons with experiments, which are always challenging when computing vertical transition energies, \cite{San16b} there was no approach
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one could dream of at the time. Beyond comparisons with experiments, which are always challenging when computing vertical transition energies, \cite{San16b} there was no approach
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available at that time to ascertain the accuracy of the obtained transition energies. These {\CASPT} values were latter used to assess the performances of TD-DFT combined with various exchange-correlation functionals, \cite{Toz99b,Bur02} and remained for a long
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available at that time to ascertain the accuracy of the obtained transition energies. These {\CASPT} values were latter used to assess the performances of TD-DFT combined with various exchange-correlation functionals, \cite{Toz99b,Bur02} and remained for a long
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time the best references available. A decade ago, Thiel and coworkers defined TBE for 104 singlet and 63 triplet valence ES in 28 small and medium conjugated CNOH organic molecules. \cite{Sch08,Sil10b,Sil10c} These TBE
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time the best references available. A decade ago, Thiel and coworkers defined TBE for 104 singlet and 63 triplet valence ES in 28 small and medium conjugated CNOH organic molecules. \cite{Sch08,Sil10b,Sil10c} These TBE
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were computed on MP2/6-31G(d) structures with several levels of theories, notably {\CASPT} and various Coupled-Cluster levels ({\CCD}, {\CCSD}, and {\CCT}). Interestingly, while the default reference approach used by Thiel to define his
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were computed on MP2/6-31G(d) structures with several levels of theories, notably {\CASPT} and various Coupled-Cluster levels ({\CCD}, {\CCSD}, and {\CCT}). Interestingly, while the default reference approach used by Thiel to define his
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@ -1473,20 +1473,19 @@ CCSDT-3 &0.05 & &0.06 &0.03 &0.08 &0.04\\
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\section{Conclusions and outlook}
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\section{Conclusions and outlook}
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We have determined highly-accurate vertical transition energies for a set of 27 medium-sized organic molecules containing from 4 to 6 (non-hydrogen) atoms. To this end, we used several theoretical levels
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We have computed highly-accurate vertical transition energies for a set of 27 medium-sized organic molecules containing from 4 to 6 (non-hydrogen) atoms. To this end, we employed several state-of-the-art theoretical models with increasingly large diffuse basis sets.
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and basis sets, but our theoretical best estimates are mainly based on {\CCSDTQ} (4 atoms) or {\CCSDT} (5 and 6 atoms) values determined with diffuse containing basis sets. For the vast majority of the
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However, most of our theoretical best estimates are based on {\CCSDTQ} (4 atoms) or {\CCSDT} (5 and 6 atoms) excitation energies. For the vast majority of the
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listed excited-states, this contribution is the first to disclose (sometimes basis-set extrapolated) {\CCSDT}/{\AVTZ} and (true) {\CCT}/{\AVQZ} transition energies as well as {\CCT}/{\AVTZ} oscillator strengths
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listed excited states, the present contribution is the very first to disclose (sometimes basis-set extrapolated) {\CCSDT}/{\AVTZ} and (true) {\CCT}/{\AVQZ} transition energies as well as {\CCT}/{\AVTZ} oscillator strengths
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for all dipole-allowed transitions. The set contains a total of 238 transition energies and 90 oscillator strengths, including a reasonably good balance between singlet and triplet transition energies and valence
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for each dipole-allowed transition. Our set contains a total of 238 transition energies and 90 oscillator strengths, with a reasonably good balance between singlet, triplet, valence,
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and Rydberg states. Amongst these 238 transitions, we consider that 224 are ``safe'' TBE, that is, that they are chemically accurate (mean error below $0.043$ eV or $1$ kcal.mol$^{-1}$ for the considered geometry),
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and Rydberg states. Amongst these 238 transitions, we believe that 224 are ``solid'' TBE, \ie, they are chemically accurate (mean error below $0.043$ eV or $1$ kcal.mol$^{-1}$) for the considered geometry.
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allowing to establish a reasonable error bar for lower-cost ES models daily used by computational chemists. In this framework, we benchmarked eight popular methods, CIS(D), {\AD}, {\CCD}, {\STEOM}, {\CCSD},
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It allows us to establish a reasonable error bar for several popular ES models with lower computational cost: CIS(D), {\AD}, {\CCD}, {\STEOM}, {\CCSD},
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CCSDR(3), CCSDT-3, and {\CCT}. It turned out that the latter approach is extremely accurate, and, very likely should be more trusted than {\CASPT} or {\NEV} but for ES dominated by a double
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CCSDR(3), CCSDT-3, and {\CCT}. It turns out that the latter approach is extremely accurate, and, very likely should be considered as more robust and trustworthy than {\CASPT} or {\NEV}, except for ES with a predominant double
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excitation character. Other methods including corrections for the triples yield a mean absolute deviation of ca. 0.05 eV, whereas none of the second-order approach is chemically accurate, with MAE
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excitation character. Other methods including corrections for the triples yield a mean absolute deviation around $0.05$ eV, whereas none of the second-order approach has been found to be chemically accurate with MAE
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in the 0.12--0.23 eV range.
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in the $0.12$--$0.23$ eV range.
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Paraphrasing Thiel and coworkers, \cite{Sch08} we hope that this new set of vertical transition energies, combined or not with the ones described in our previous works, \cite{Loo18a,Loo19c} will be useful for the community,
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Paraphrasing Thiel and coworkers, \cite{Sch08} we hope that this new set of vertical transition energies, combined or not with the ones described in our previous works, \cite{Loo18a,Loo19c} will be useful for the community,
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will stimulate further developments and analyses in the field, and will provide new grounds for appraising the \emph{pros} and \emph{cons} of ES approaches already available or under development. We can
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will stimulate further developments and analyses in the field, and will provide new grounds for appraising the \emph{pros} and \emph{cons} of ES models already available or currently under development. We can
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crystal-ball that the emergence of new {\sCI} algorithms optimized for modern computer architectures will likely lead to the revision of some the present TBE, further allowing to climb one step on the accuracy
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crystal-ball that the emergence of new {\sCI} algorithms optimized for modern computer architectures will likely lead to the revision of some the present TBE, allowing to climb even higher on the accuracy ladder.
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ladder.
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\begin{suppinfo}
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\begin{suppinfo}
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Geometries.
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Geometries.
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