diff --git a/Manuscript/FarDFT.tex b/Manuscript/FarDFT.tex index 5fbb85c..b97ca27 100644 --- a/Manuscript/FarDFT.tex +++ b/Manuscript/FarDFT.tex @@ -459,6 +459,62 @@ is the Hxc potential, with %%%%% end stuff removed by Manu %%%%%% \fi%%%% +\section{Some thougths illustrated with the Hubbard dimer model} + +The definition of an ensemble density functional relies on the concavity +of the ensemble energy with respect to the external potential. In the +case of the Hubbard dimer, the singlet triensemble non-interacting +energy (which contains both singly- and doubly-excited states) reads +\beq +\begin{split} +\mathcal{E}_{\rm KS}^{\bw}\left(\Delta +v\right)=&(1-\ew{1}-\ew{2})\mathcal{E}_0\left(\Delta +v\right)+\ew{1}\mathcal{E}_1\left(\Delta +v\right) +\\ +&+\ew{2}\mathcal{E}_2\left(\Delta +v\right), +\end{split} +\eeq +where $\mathcal{E}_0\left(\Delta +v\right)=2\varepsilon_0\left(\Delta +v\right)$, $\mathcal{E}_1\left(\Delta +v\right)=0$, $\mathcal{E}_2\left(\Delta +v\right)=-2\varepsilon_0\left(\Delta +v\right)$, and +\beq +\varepsilon_0\left(\Delta +v\right)=-\sqrt{t^2+\dfrac{\Delta v^2}{4}}, +\eeq +thus leading to +\beq +\mathcal{E}_{\rm KS}^{\bw}\left(\Delta +v\right)=-2\left(1-\ew{1}-2\ew{2}\right)\sqrt{t^2+\dfrac{\Delta +v^2}{4}}. +\eeq +If we ignore the single excitation ($\ew{1}=0$) and denote +$\ew{}=\ew{2}$, the ensemble energy becomes +\beq +\mathcal{E}_{\rm KS}^{\ew{}}\left(\Delta +v\right)=-2(1-2\ew{})\sqrt{t^2+\dfrac{\Delta +v^2}{4}}. +\eeq +As readily seen, it is concave only if $\ew{}\leq 1/2$. Outside the +usual range of weight values, it is convex, thus preventing any density +to be ensemble non-interacting $v$-representable. This statement is +based on the Legendre--Fenchel transform expression of the +non-interacting ensemble kinetic energy functional: +\beq +T^{\ew{}}_{\rm s}(n)=\sup_{\Delta +v}\left\{\mathcal{E}_{\rm KS}^{\ew{}}\left(\Delta +v\right)+\Delta +v\times(n-1)\right\}. +\eeq +In this simple example, ignoring the single excitation is fine. However, +considering $1/2\leq \ew{}\leq 1$ is meaningless. Of course, if we +employ approximate ground-state-based density-functional potentials and +manage to converge the KS wavefunctions, one may obtain something +interesting. But I have no idea how meaningful such a solution is. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%% COMPUTATIONAL DETAILS %%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%