290 lines
12 KiB
TeX
290 lines
12 KiB
TeX
\documentclass[aip,jcp,reprint,noshowkeys,superscriptaddress]{revtex4-1}
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\begin{document}
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% addresses
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\newcommand{\LCPQ}{Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (UMR 5626), Universit\'e de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France}
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\newcommand{\CEISAM}{Universit\'e de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France}
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\title{Reference energies for cyclobutadiene}
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\author{Enzo \surname{Monino}}
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\affiliation{\LCPQ}
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\author{Martial \surname{Boggio-Pasqua}}
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\affiliation{\LCPQ}
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\author{Anthony \surname{Scemama}}
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\affiliation{\LCPQ}
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\author{Denis \surname{Jacquemin}}
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\affiliation{\CEISAM}
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\author{Pierre-Fran\c{c}ois \surname{Loos}}
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\email{loos@irsamc.ups-tlse.fr}
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\affiliation{\LCPQ}
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\begin{abstract}
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Write an abstract
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\end{abstract}
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\maketitle
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\section{Introduction}
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\label{sec:intro}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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Despite the fact that excited states are involved in ubiquitious processes such as photochemistry, catalysis or in solar cell technology, none of the many methods existing is the reference in providing accurate excited states energies. Indeed, each method has its own flaws and there are so many chemical scenario that can occur, so it is still one of the biggest challenge in theoretical chemistry. Speaking of difficult task, cyclobutadiene (CBD) molecule has been a real challenge for experimental and theoretical chemists for many decades \cite{bally_cyclobutadiene_1980}. Due to his antiaromaticity \cite{noauthor_aromaticity_nodate} and his large angular strain \cite{baeyer_ueber_1885} the CBD molecule presents a high reactivity which made the synthesis of this molecule a particularly difficult task. Hückel molecular orbital theory gives a triplet state with square ($D_{4h}$) geometry for the ground state of the CBD,with the two singly occupied frontier orbitals that are degenerated by symmetry. This degeneracy is lifted by the Jahn-Teller effect, meaning by distortion of the molecule (lowering symmetry), and gives a singlet state with rectangular ($D_{2h}$) geometry for the ground state. Indeed, synthetic work from Pettis and co-workers \cite{reeves_further_1969} gives a rectangular geometry to the singlet ground state of CBD and then was confirmed by experimental works \cite{irngartinger_bonding_1983,ermer_three_1983,kreile_uv_1986}. At the ground state structrure ($D_{2h}$), the ${}^1A_g$ state has a weak multi-configurational character because of the well separated frontier orbitals and can be described by single-reference methods. But at the square ($D_{4h}$) geometry, the singlet state (${}^1B_{1g}$) has two singly occupied frontier orbitals that are degenerated so has a two-configurational character and single-reference methods are unreliable to describe it. The singlet ($D_{4h}$) is a transition state in the automerization reaction between the two rectangular structures. The energy barrier for the automerization of the CBD was predicted, experimentally, in the range of 1.6-10 kcal.mol$^{-1}$ \cite{whitman_limits_1982} and multi-reference calculations gave an energy barrier in the range of 6-7 kcal.mol$^{-1}$ \cite{eckert-maksic_automerization_2006}. All the specificities of the CBD molecule make it a real playground for excited-states methods. In the present work we investigate excited states represented in Fig. \ref{fig:CBD} but not only, we also investigate higher states that are not present in Fig. \ref{fig:CBD} due to energy scaling. In those states we have doubly excited states that are known to be challenging to represent for adiabatic time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) and even for state-of-the-art methods like the approximate third-order coupled-cluster (CC3) or equation-of-motion coupled-cluster with singles, doubles and triples (EOM-CCSDT). For this reason we also use spin-flip formalism established by Krylov in 2001. To briefly introduce the spin-flip idea we can present it like: instead of taking the singlet ground state as reference, the reference configuration is taken as the lowest triplet state. So one can access the singlet ground state and the singlet doubly-excited state via a spin-flip deexcitation and excitation (respectively), the difference of these two excitation energies providing an estimate of the double excitation. Both excited states and automerization barrier of the CBD are studied using a collection of methods.
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\begin{figure}
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\includegraphics[width=0.6\linewidth]{figure2.png}
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\caption{Here comes the caption of the figure.}
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\label{fig:CBD}
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\end{figure}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\section{Computational methods}
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\label{sec:compmet}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{CIPSI}
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\label{sec:CIPSI}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{Coupled-Cluster}
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\label{sec:CC}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{CASPT2/NEVPT2}
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\label{sec:CAS}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\subsection{Spin-Flip}
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\label{sec:sf}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\section{Computational Details}
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\label{sec:compdet}
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The system under investigation in this work is the cyclobutadiene (CBD) molecule, rectangular ($D_{2h}$) and square ($D_{4h}$) geometries are considered. The ($D_{2h}$) geometry is obtained at the CC3 level without frozen core using the aug-cc-pVTZ and the ($D_{4h}$) geometry is obtained at the RO-CCSD(T) level using aug-cc-pVTZ again without frozen core. In both structures the CBD has a singlet ground state, for the spin-flip calculations we consider the lowest triplet state as reference. Spin-flip techniques are broadly accessible and here, among them, we explore equation-of-motion coupled-cluster (EOM-CC), configuration We use the unrestricted formalism for all calculations and throughout this work.
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\section{Results and discussion}
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\label{sec:res}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%================================================
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\subsection{Excited States}
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%================================================
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%================================================
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\subsection{Automerization}
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%================================================
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\section{Conclusion}
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\label{sec:res}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\acknowledgements{
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EM, AS, and PFL acknowledge funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No.~863481).}
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\bibliography{CBD}
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\end{document}
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