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Introduction
Using QMCkl
The qmckl.h header file installed in the ${prefix}/include directory
has to be included in C codes when QMCkl functions are used:
#include "qmckl.h"
In Fortran programs, the qmckl_f.f90 installed in
${prefix}/share/qmckl/fortran interface file should be copied in the source
code using the library, and the Fortran codes should use the qmckl module as
use qmckl
Both files are located in the include/ directory.
Developing in QMCkl
Literate programming
In a traditional source code, most of the lines of source files of a program are code, scripts, Makefiles, and only a few lines are comments explaining parts of the code that are non-trivial to understand. The documentation of the prorgam is usually written in a separate directory, and is often outdated compared to the code.
Literate programming is a different approach to programming, where the program is considered as a publishable-quality document. Most of the lines of the source files are text, mathematical formulas, tables, figures, etc, and the lines of code are just the translation in a computer language of the ideas and algorithms expressed in the text. More importantly, the "document" is structured like a text document with sections, subsections, a bibliography, a table of contents etc, and the place where pieces of code appear are the places where they should belong for the reader to understand the logic of the program, not the places where the compiler expects to find them. Both the publishable-quality document and the binary executable are produced from the same source files.
Literate programming is particularly well adapted in this context, as the central part of this project is the documentation of an API. The implementation of the algorithms is just an expression of the algorithms in a language that can be compiled, so that the correctness of the algorithms can be tested.
We have chosen to write the source files in org-mode format,
as any text editor can be used to edit org-mode files. To
produce the documentation, there exists multiple possibilities to convert
org-mode files into different formats such as HTML or PDF. The source code is
easily extracted from the org-mode files invoking the Emacs text editor from
the command-line in the Makefile, and then the produced files are compiled.
Moreover, within the Emacs text editor the source code blocks can be executed
interactively, in the same spirit as Jupyter notebooks.
Source code editing
For a tutorial on literate programming with org-mode, follow this link.
Any text editor can be used to edit org-mode files. For a better user experience Emacs is recommended. For users hating Emacs, it is good to know that Emacs can behave like Vim when switched into ``Evil'' mode.
In the tools/init.el file, we provide a minimal Emacs configuration
file for vim users. This file should be copied into .emacs.d/init.el.
For users with a preference for Jupyter notebooks, we also provide the
tools/nb_to_org.sh script can convert jupyter notebooks into org-mode
files.
Note that pandoc can be used to convert multiple markdown formats into org-mode.
Choice of the programming language
Most of the codes of the TREX CoE are written in Fortran with some scripts in Bash and Python. Outside of the CoE, Fortran is also important (Casino, Amolqc), and other important languages used by the community are C and C++ (QMCPack, QWalk), and Julia is gaining in popularity. The library we design should be compatible with all of these languages. The QMCkl API has to be compatible with the C language since libraries with a C-compatible API can be used in every other language.
High-performance versions of the QMCkl, with the same API, will be rewritten by the experts in HPC. These optimized libraries will be tuned for specific architectures, among which we can cite x86 based processors, and GPU accelerators. Nowadays, the most efficient software tools to take advantage of low-level features of the processor (intrinsics) and of GPUs are for C++ developers. It is highly probable that the optimized implementations will be written in C++, and this is agreement with our choice to make the API C-compatible.
Fortran is one of the most common languages used by the community, and is simple enough to make the algorithms readable both by experts in QMC, and experts in HPC. Hence we propose in this pedagogical implementation of QMCkl to use Fortran to express the QMC algorithms. As the main languages of the library is C, this implies that the exposed C functions call the Fortran routine. However, for internal functions related to system programming, the C language is more natural than Fortran.
The Fortran source files should provide a C interface using the
iso_c_binding module. The name of the Fortran source files should end with
_f.f90 to be properly handled by the Makefile. The names of the functions
defined in Fortran should be the same as those exposed in the API suffixed by
_f.
For more guidelines on using Fortran to generate a C interface, see this link.
Coding rules
The authors should follow the recommendations of the C99 SEI+CERT C Coding Standard.
Compliance can be checked with cppcheck as:
cppcheck --addon=cert --enable=all *.c &> cppcheck.outDesign of the library
The proposed API should allow the library to: deal with memory transfers between CPU and accelerators, and to use different levels of floating-point precision. We chose a multi-layered design with low-level and high-level functions (see below).
Naming conventions
To avoid namespace collisions, we use qmckl_ as a prefix for all exported
functions and variables. All exported header files should have a file name
prefixed with qmckl_.
If the name of the org-mode file is xxx.org, the name of the
produced C files should be xxx.c and xxx.h and the name of the
produced Fortran file should be xxx.f90.
Arrays are in uppercase and scalars are in lowercase.
In the names of the variables and functions, only the singular form is allowed.
Application programming interface
In the C language, the number of bits used by the integer types can change
from one architecture to another one. To circumvent this problem, we choose to
use the integer types defined in <stdint.h> where the number of bits used for
the integers are fixed.
To ensure that the library will be easily usable in any other language than C, we restrict the data types in the interfaces to the following:
- 32-bit and 64-bit integers, scalars and and arrays (
int32_tandint64_t) - 32-bit and 64-bit floats, scalars and and arrays (
floatanddouble) - Pointers are always casted into 64-bit integers, even on legacy 32-bit architectures
- ASCII strings are represented as a pointers to character arrays
and terminated by a
'\0'character (C convention). - Complex numbers can be represented by an array of 2 floats.
- Boolean variables are stored as integers,
1fortrueand0forfalse - Floating point variables should be by default
doubleunless explicitly mentioned - integers used for counting should always be
int64_t
To facilitate the use in other languages than C, we will provide some bindings in other languages in other repositories.
Global state
Global variables should be avoided in the library, because it is
possible that one single program needs to use multiple instances
of the library. To solve this problem we propose to use a pointer
to a context variable, built by the library with the
qmckl_context_create function. The <<<=context=>>> contains the global
state of the library, and is used as the first argument of many
QMCkl functions.
The internal structure of the context is not specified, to give a
maximum of freedom to the different implementations. Modifying
the state is done by setters and getters, prefixed by
qmckl_set_ an qmckl_get_.
Headers
A single qmckl.h header to be distributed by the library
is built by concatenating some of the produced header files.
To facilitate building the qmckl.h file, we separate types from
function declarations in headers. Types should be defined in header
files suffixed by _type.h, and functions in files suffixed by
_func.h.
As these files will be concatenated in a single file, they should
not be guarded by #ifndef *_H, and they should not include other
produced headers.
Some particular types that are not exported need to be known by the
context, and there are some functions to update instances of these
types contained inside the context. For example, a
qmckl_numprec_struct is present in the context, and the function
qmckl_set_numprec_range takes a context as a parameter, and set a
value in the qmckl_numprec_struct contained in the context.
Because of these intricate dependencies, a private header is
created, containing the qmckl_numprec_struct. This header is
included in the private header file which defines the type of the
context. Header files for private types are suffixed by _private_type.h
and header files for private functions are suffixed by _private_func.h.
Fortran interfaces should also be written in the *_f_func.f90 file,
and the types definitions should be written in the *_f_type.f90 file.
| File | Scope | Description |
|---|---|---|
*_type.h |
Public | Type definitions |
*_func.h |
Public | Function definitions |
*_private_type.h |
Private | Type definitions |
*_private_func.h |
Private | Function definitions |
*_f_type.f90 |
Public | Fortran type definitions |
*_f_func.f90 |
Public | Fortran function definitions |
Low-level functions
Low-level functions are very simple functions which are leaves of the function call tree (they don't call any other QMCkl function).
These functions are pure, and unaware of the QMCkl
context. They are not allowed to allocate/deallocate memory, and
if they need temporary memory it should be provided in input.
High-level functions
High-level functions are at the top of the function call tree. They are able to choose which lower-level function to call depending on the required precision, and do the corresponding type conversions. These functions are also responsible for allocating temporary storage, to simplify the use of accelerators.
The high-level functions should be pure, unless the introduction
of non-purity is justified. All the side effects should be made in
the context variable.
Numerical precision
The number of bits of precision required for a function should be
given as an input of low-level computational functions. This input
will be used to define the values of the different thresholds that
might be used to avoid computing unnecessary noise. High-level
functions will use the precision specified in the context
variable.
Algorithms
Reducing the scaling of an algorithm usually implies also reducing its arithmetic complexity (number of flops per byte). Therefore, for small sizes \(\mathcal{O}(N^3)\) and \(\mathcal{O}(N^2)\) algorithms are better adapted than linear scaling algorithms. As QMCkl is a general purpose library, multiple algorithms should be implemented adapted to different problem sizes.