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@ -1837,11 +1837,10 @@ molecule to obtain encouragingly accurate results.\cite{Mihalka_2019}
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% INTRO TO CONC.
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\hugh{To accurately model chemical systems, one must choose a computational protocol from an ever growing
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To accurately model chemical systems, one must choose a computational protocol from an ever growing
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collection of theoretical methods.
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Until the Sch\"odinger equation is solved exactly, this choice must make a compromise on the accuracy
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of certain properties depending on the system that is being studied.
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}
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It is therefore essential that we understand the strengths and weaknesses of different methods,
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and why one might fail in cases where others work beautifully.
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In this review, we have seen that the success and failure of perturbation-based methods are
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@ -1855,13 +1854,12 @@ around the physics of complex singularities in perturbation theory, with a parti
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Seminal contributions from various research groups around the world have revealed highly oscillatory,
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slowly convergent, or catastrophically divergent behaviour of the restricted and/or unrestricted MP perturbation series.%
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\cite{Laidig_1985,Knowles_1985,Handy_1985,Gill_1986,Laidig_1987,Nobes_1987,Gill_1988,Gill_1988a,Lepetit_1988}
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\hugh{In particular, the spin-symmetry-broken unrestricted MP series is notorious
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In particular, the spin-symmetry-broken unrestricted MP series is notorious
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for giving incredibly slow convergence.\cite{Gill_1986,Nobes_1987,Gill_1988a,Gill_1988}
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All these behaviours can be rationalised and explained by the position of exceptional points
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and other singularities that arise when perturbation theory is extended across the complex plane.}
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and other singularities that arise when perturbation theory is extended across the complex plane.
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% CLASSIFICATIONS
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\hugh{%
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The classifications of different convergence types developed by Cremer and He,\cite{Cremer_1996}
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Olsen \etal,\cite{Christiansen_1996,Olsen_1996,Olsen_2000,Olsen_2019}
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or Sergeev and Goodson\cite{Goodson_2000a,Goodson_2000b,Goodson_2004,Sergeev_2005,Sergeev_2006} are particularly
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@ -1877,28 +1875,25 @@ singularity closest to the origin, giving $\alpha$ singularities which have larg
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and $\beta$ singularities which have a very small imaginary component.%
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\cite{Goodson_2000a,Goodson_2000b,Goodson_2004,Sergeev_2005,Sergeev_2006}
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Remarkably, the position of $\beta$ singularities close to the real axis can be justified as a critical
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point where one (or more) electrons is ionised from the molecule, creating a quantum phase transition.\cite{Stillinger_2000}
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point where one (or more) electron is ionised from the molecule, creating a quantum phase transition.\cite{Stillinger_2000}
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We have shown that the slow convergence of symmetry-broken MP approximations can also be driven by a $\beta$
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singularity and is closely related to these quantum phase transitions.
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}
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% RESUMMATION
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We have also discussed several resummation techniques that can be used to improve energy estimates
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for both convergent and divergent series, including Pad\'e and quadratic approximants.
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\hugh{Furthermore, we have provided the first illustration of how the Shanks transformation can accelerate
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convergence of MP approximants to improve the accuracy of low-order approximations.}
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Furthermore, we have provided the first illustration of how the Shanks transformation can accelerate
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convergence of MP approximants to improve the accuracy of low-order approximations.
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Using these resummation and acceleration methods to turn low-order truncated MP series into convergent and
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systematically improvable series can dramatically improve the accuracy and applicability of these perturbative methods.
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\hugh{However, the application of these approaches requires the evaluation of higher-order MP coefficents
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However, the application of these approaches requires the evaluation of higher-order MP coefficients
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(\eg, MP3, MP4, MP5, etc) that are generally expensive to compute in practice.
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There is therefore a strong demand for computationally efficient approaches to evaluate general terms in the MP
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series, and the development of stochastic,\cite{Thom_2007,Neuhauser_2012,Willow_2012,Takeshita_2017,Li_2019}
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or linear-scaling approximations\cite{Rauhut_1998,Schutz_1999}
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may prove fruitful avenues in this direction.
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}
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% ORBITAL OPTIMISATION EXCITED STATES
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\hugh{
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The present review has only considered the convergence of the MP series using the RHF or UHF
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reference orbitals.
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However, numerous recent studies have shown that the use of orbitals optimised in the presence of the MP2
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@ -1910,7 +1905,6 @@ and a detailed investigation of their MP energy function in the complex plane is
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fascinating insights.
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Furthermore, the convergence properties of the excited-state MP series using orbital-optimised higher energy
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HF solutions\cite{Gilbert_2008} remains entirely unexplored.\cite{Lee_2019,CarterFenk_2020}
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}
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% HUBBARD
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Finally, the physical concepts and mathematical tools presented in this manuscript have been illustrated
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@ -1921,20 +1915,20 @@ such as Kohn-Sham DFT, \cite{Carrascal_2015,Cohen_2016} linear-response theory,\
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many-body perturbation theory,\cite{Romaniello_2009,Romaniello_2012,DiSabatino_2015,Tarantino_2017,Olevano_2019}
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ensemble DFT, \cite{Deur_2017,Deur_2018,Senjean_2018,Sagredo_2018,Fromager_2020} thermal DFT,\cite{Smith_2016,Smith_2018}
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coupled cluster theory,\cite{Stein_2014,Henderson_2015,Shepherd_2016} and many more.
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\hugh{In particular, we have shown that the Hubbard dimer contains suifficient flexibility to describe
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In particular, we have shown that the Hubbard dimer contains sufficient flexibility to describe
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the effects of symmetry breaking, the MP critical point, and resummation techniques, in contrast to the more
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minimalistic models considered previously.
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We therefore propose that the Hubbard dimer provides the ideal arena for further developing our fundamental understanding
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and applications of perturbation theory.}
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and applications of perturbation theory.
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% DIRECTIONS
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\hugh{Perturbation theory isn't usually considered in the complex plane.
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Perturbation theory isn't usually considered in the complex plane.
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But when it is, we have seen that a lot can be learnt about the performance of perturbation theory on the real axis.
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These insights can allow incredibly accurate results to be obtained using only the lowest-order terms in a perturbation series.
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Yet perturbation theory represents only one method for approximating the exact energy, and few other methods
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have been considered through similar complex non-Hermitian extensions.
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There is therefore much still to be discovered about the existence and consequences of exceptional points
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throughout electronic structure theory.}
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throughout electronic structure theory.
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\begin{acknowledgements}
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