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@ -1622,6 +1622,7 @@ energy using low-order perturbation expansions.
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%==========================================%
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\subsection{Shanks Transformation}
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\label{sec:Shanks}
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%==========================================%
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While the Pad\'e and quadratic approximants can yield a convergent series representation
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@ -1729,19 +1730,20 @@ Seminal contributions from various research groups around the world have evidenc
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Later, these erratic behaviours were investigated and rationalised in terms of avoided crossings and singularities in the complex plane.
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In that regard, it is worth highlighting the key contribution of Cremer and He who proposed a classification of the types of convergence: \cite{Cremer_1996} ``class A'' systems that exhibit monotonic convergence, and ``class B'' systems for which convergence is erratic after initial oscillations.
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Further insights were brought thanks to a series of papers by Olsen and coworkers \cite{Christiansen_1996,Olsen_1996,Olsen_2000,Olsen_2019} where they employ a two-state model to dissect the various convergence behaviours of Hermitian and non-Hermitian perturbation series.
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Further insights were brought thanks to a series of papers by Olsen and coworkers \cite{Christiansen_1996,Olsen_1996,Olsen_2000,Olsen_2019} where they employed a two-state model to dissect the various convergence behaviours of Hermitian and non-Hermitian perturbation series.
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Building on the careful mathematical analysis of Stillinger who showed that the mathematical origin behind the divergent series with odd-even sign alternation is due to a dominant singularity on the negative real $\lambda$ axis, \cite{Stillinger_2000} Sergeev and Goodson proposed a more refined singularity classification: $\alpha$ singularities which have ``large'' imaginary parts, and $\beta$ singularities which have very small imaginary parts. \cite{Goodson_2000a,Goodson_2000b,Goodson_2004,Sergeev_2005,Sergeev_2006}
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We have further highlighted that these so-called $\beta$ singularities are connected to quantum phase transitions and symmetry breaking.
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Finally, we have discussed several resummation techniques, such as Pad\'e and quadratic approximants, that can be used to improve energy estimates for both convergent and divergent series.
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However, it is worth mentioning that the construction of these approximants requires high-order MP coefficients which are quite expensive to compute in practice.
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The Shanks transformation presented in Sec.~\ref{sec:Shanks} can, in some cases, alleviate this issue.
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Most of the concepts reviewed in the present manuscript has been illustrated on the symmetric (or asymmetric in one occasion) Hubbard dimer at half-filling.
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Most of the physical concepts and mathematical tools reviewed in the present manuscript has been illustrated on the symmetric (or asymmetric in one occasion) Hubbard dimer at half-filling.
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Although extremely simple, this clearly illustrates the obvious versatility of the Hubbard model to understand perturbation theory as well as other concepts such as Kohn-Sham density-functional theory (DFT), \cite{Carrascal_2015} linear-response theory, \cite{Carrascal_2018} many-body perturbation theory, \cite{Romaniello_2009,Romaniello_2012,DiSabatino_2015,Tarantino_2017}, DFT for ensembles, \cite{Deur_2017,Deur_2018,Senjean_2018,Sagredo_2018,Fromager_2020} and many others.
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We believe that the Hubbard dimer could then be used for further developments around perturbation theory.
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We believe that the Hubbard dimer could then be used for further developments and comprehension around perturbation theory.
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As a concluding remark and from a broader point of view, the present work shows that our understanding of the singularity structure of the energy is still incomplete.
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Yet, we hope that the present contribution will open new perspectives for the understanding of the physics of exceptional points in electronic structure theory.
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Yet, we hope that the present contribution will open new perspectives on the physics of exceptional points in electronic structure theory.
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%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
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\begin{acknowledgements}
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