revised up to sec 4.3
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@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ The success of the BSE formalism to treat CT excitations has been demonstrated i
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\subsection{Combining BSE with PCM and QM/MM models}
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The ability to account for the effect on the excitation energies of an electrostatic and dielectric environment (an electrode, a solvent, a molecular interface... is an important step towards the description of realistic systems.
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The ability to account for the effect on the excitation energies of an electrostatic and dielectric environment (an electrode, a solvent, a molecular interface, \ldots) is an important step towards the description of realistic systems.
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Pioneering BSE studies demonstrated, for example, the large renormalization of charged and neutral excitations in molecular systems and nanotubes close to a metallic electrode or in bundles. \cite{Lastra_2011,Rohlfing_2012,Spataru_2013}
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Recent attempts to merge the $GW$ and BSE formalisms with model polarizable environments at the PCM or QM/MM levels
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\cite{Baumeier_2014,Duchemin_2016,Li_2016,Varsano_2016,Duchemin_2018,Li_2019,Tirimbo_2020} paved the way not only to interesting applications but also to a better understanding of the merits of these approaches relying on the use of the screened Coulomb potential designed to capture polarization effects at all spatial ranges.
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@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ $[
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v(\br,\br') \longrightarrow v(\br,\br') + v^{\text{reac}}(\br,\br'; \omega)
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]$
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in the relation between the screened Coulomb potential $W$ and the independent-electron susceptibility [see Eq.~\eqref{eq:defW}] allows to perform $GW$ and BSE calculations in a polarizable environment with the same complexity as in the gas phase.
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The reaction field matrix $v^{\text{reac}}(\br,\br'; \omega)$ describes the potential generated in $\br'$ by the charge rearrangements in the polarizable environment induced by a source charge located in $\br$, where $\br$ and $\br'$ lie in the quantum mechanical subsystem of interest.
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The reaction field operator $v^{\text{reac}}(\br,\br'; \omega)$ describes the potential generated in $\br'$ by the charge rearrangements in the polarizable environment induced by a source charge located in $\br$, where $\br$ and $\br'$ lie in the quantum mechanical subsystem of interest.
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The reaction field is dynamical since the dielectric properties of the environment, such as the macroscopic dielectric constant $\epsilon_M(\omega)$, are in principle frequency dependent.
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Once the reaction field matrix is known, with typically $\order*{\Norb N_\text{MM}^2}$ operations (where $\Norb$ is the number of orbitals and $N_\text{MM}$ the number of polarizable atoms in the environment), the full spectrum of $GW$ quasiparticle energies and BSE neutral excitations can be renormalized by the effect of the environment.
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