In this tutorial we will perform LDA+DMFT :program:`Wien2k` calculations of the high-temperature :math:`\gamma`-phase of Ce employing the
Hubbard-I approximation for its localized *4f* shell.
First we create the Wien2k :file:`Ce-gamma.struct` file as described in `Wien2k manual <http://www.wien2k.at/reg_user/textbooks/usersguide.pdf>`_
for the :math:`\gamma`-Ce fcc structure with lattice parameter of 9.75 a.u.
..literalinclude:: Ce-gamma.struct
We initalize non-magnetic :program:`Wien2k` calculations using the :program:`init` script as described in the same manual.
For this example we specify 3000 *k*-points in the full Brillouin zone
and LDA exchange-correlation potential (*vxc=5*), other parameters are defaults.
The Ce *4f* electrons are treated as valence states.
Hence, the initialization script is executed as follows ::
init -b -vxc 5 -numk 3000
and then LDA calculations of non-magnetic :math:`\gamma`-Ce are performed by launching the :program:`Wien2k`:program:`run` script.
These self-consistent LDA calculations will typically take a couple of minutes.
Then we create :file:`Ce-gamma.indmftpr` file specifying parameters for construction of Wannier orbitals representing *4f* states:
..literalinclude:: Ce-gamma.indmftpr
First three lines give the number of inequivalent sites, their multiplicity (to be in accordance with the *struct* file) and the maximum orbital quantum number :math:`l_{max}`
The following four lines describe the treatment of Ce *spdf* orbitals by the :program:`dmftproj` program ::
complex
1 1 1 2 ! l included for each sort
0 0 0 0 ! l included for each sort
0
where `complex` is the choice for the angular basis to be used (spherical complex harmonics), in the next line we specify, for each orbital
quantum number, whether it is treated as correlated ('2') and, hence, the corresponding Wannier orbitals will be generated or uncorrelated ('1').
In the latter case the :program:`dmftproj` program will generate projectors to be used in calculations of corresponding partial densities of states (see below).
In the present case we choose the fourth (i. e. *f*) orbitals as correlated.
The next line specify the number of irreducible representations into which a given correlated shell should be split (or
'0' if no splitting is desired, as in the present case). The fourth line specifies whether the spin-orbit interaction should be switched on ('1') or off ('0', as in the present case).
Finally, the last line iof the file ::
-.40 0.40 ! Energy window relative to E_f
specify the energy window for Wannier functions' construction. For a more complete description of :program:`dmftproj` options see its manual.
To prepaire input data for :program:`dmftproj` we execute :program:`lapw2` with the `-almd` option ::
lapw2 -almd
Then :program:`dmftproj` is executed in its default mode (i.e. without spin-polarization or spin-orbit included) ::
dmftproj
This program produces the following files:
*:file:`Ce-gamma.ctqmcout` and :file:`Ce-gamma.symqmc` containing projector operators and symmetry operations for orthonormalized Wannier orbitals, respectively.
*:file:`Ce-gamma.parproj` and :file:`Ce-gamma.sympar` containing projector operators and symmetry operations for uncorrelated states, respectively. These files are needed for projected density-of-states or spectral-function calculations.
*:file:`Ce-gamma.oubwin` needed for the charge desity recalculation in the case of fully self-consistent LDA+DMFT run (see below).
Now we have all necessary input from :program:`Wien2k` for running DMFT calculations.
..index:: Hubbard-I in TRIQS
.._HubITRIQS:
Hubbard-I calculations in TRIQS
-------------------------------
In order to run LDA+DMFT calculations within Hubbard-I we need the corresponding python script, :ref:`Ce-gamma-script`.
It is generally similar to the script for the case of DMFT calculations with the CT-QMC solver (see :ref:`advanced`),
however there are also some differences. First, instead of *pytriqs.applications.dft.solver_multiband* we import Hubbard-I solver ::
The Hubbard-I solver is very fast and we do not need to take into account the LDA blocking structure or use any approximation for the *U*-matrix ::
use_blocks = False # use bloc structure from LDA input
use_matrix = True # use the U matrix calculated from Slater coefficients instead of (U+2J, U, U-J)
We load and convert the :program:`dmftproj` output and initialize the *SumkLDA* class as described in :ref:`LDADMFTmain` and :ref:`advanced` and then set up the Hubbard-I solver ::
*`n_msb`: is the number of Matsubara frequencies used (default is `n_msb=1025`)
*`use_spin_orbit`: if set 'True' the solver is run with spin-orbit coupling included. To perform actual LDA+DMFT calculations with spin-orbit one should also run :program:`Wien2k` and :program:`dmftproj` in spin-polarized mode and with spin-orbit included. By default `use_spin_orbit=False`
The `Solver.solve(U_int, J_hund)` statement has two necessary parameters, the `U` parameter (`U_int`) and Hund's rule coupling `J_hund`. Notice that the solver constructs the full 4-index `U`-matrix by default, and the `U` parameter is in fact the Slatter `F0` integral. Other optional parameters are:
*`T`: A matrix that transforms the interaction matrix from complex spherical harmonics to a symmetry adapted basis. By default complex spherical harmonics basis is used and `T=None`
*`verbosity` tunes output from the solver. If `verbosity=0` only basic information is printed, if `verbosity=1` the ground state atomic occupancy and its energy are printed, if `verbosity=2` additional information is printed for all occupancies that were diagonalized. By default `verbosity=0`
We need also to introduce some changes in the DMFT loop with respect to the ones used for CT-QMC calculations in :ref:`advanced`.
The hybridization function is neglected in the Hubbard-I approximation, and only non-interacting level
positions (:math:`\hat{\epsilon}=-\mu+\langle H^{ff} \rangle - \Sigma_{DC}`) are required.
Hence, instead of computing `S.G0` as in :ref:`advanced` we set the level positions ::
# set atomic levels:
eal = SK.eff_atomic_levels()[0]
S.set_atomic_levels( eal = eal )
The part after the solution of the impurity problem remains essentially the same: we mix the self-energy and local
Green's function and then save them in the hdf5 file .
Then the double counting is recalculated and the correlation energy is computed with the Migdal formula and stored in hdf5.
Finally, we compute the modified charge density and save it as well as correlational correction to the total energy in
:file:`Ce-gamma.qdmft` file, which is then read by :program:`lapw2` in the case of self-consistent LDA+DMFT calculations.
..index:: running LDA+DMFT calculations
Running LDA+DMFT calculations
-----------------------------
After having prepaired the script one may run one-shot DMFT calculations by executing :ref:`Ce-gamma-script` with :program:`pytriqs` in one-processor ::
pytriqs Ce-gamma.py
or parallel mode ::
mpirun pytriqs Ce-gamma.py
where :program:`mpirun` launches these calculations in parallel mode and enables MPI. The exact form of this command will, of course, depend on mpi-launcher installed in your system.
Instead of doing one-shot run one may also perform fully self-consistent LDA+DMFT calculations, as we will do in this tutorial. We launch these calculations as follows ::
where `-qdmft` flag turns on LDA+DMFT calculations with :program:`Wien2k`. We use here the default convergence criterion in :program:`Wien2k` (convergence to 0.1 mRy in energy).
After calculations are done we may check the value of correlational ('Hubbard') energy correction to the total energy::
Within Hubbard-I one may also easily obtain the spectral function ("band structure") and integrated spectral function ("density of states, DOS").
In difference with the CT-QMC approach one does not need to provide the real-frequency self-energy (see :ref:`analysis`) it can be calculated directly by the Hubbard-I solver.
The corresponding script :ref:`Ce-gamma_DOS-script` contains several new parameters ::
ommin=-4.0 # bottom of the energy range for DOS calculations
ommax=6.0 # top of the energy range for DOS calculations
N_om=2001 # number of points on the real-energy axis mesh
broadening = 0.02 # broadening (the imaginary shift of the real-energy mesh)
Then one needs to load projectors needed for calculations of corresponding projected densities of states, as well as corresponding symmetries. To get access to analysing tools we initialize the `SumkLDATools` class ::
SK = SumkLDATools(hdf_file=lda_filename+'.h5', use_lda_blocks=False)
Then after the solver initialization and setting up atomic levels we compute atomic Green's function and self-energy on the real axis::
put it into SK class and then calculated the actual DOS::
SK.dos_partial(broadening=broadening)
We may first increase the number of **k**-points in BZ to 10000 by executing :program:`Wien2k` program :program:`kgen` ::
x kgen
and then by executing :ref:`Ce-gamma_DOS-script` with :program:`pytriqs`::
pytriqs Ce-gamma_DOS.py
In result we get the total DOS for spins `up` and `down` (identical in our paramagnetic case) in :file:`DOScorrup.dat` and :file:`DOScorrdown.dat` files, respectively, as well as projected DOSs written in the corresponding files as described in :ref:`analysis`.
In our case, for example, the files :file:`DOScorrup.dat` and :file:`DOScorrup_proj3.dat` contain the total DOS for spin *up* and the corresponding projected DOS for Ce *4f* orbital, respectively. They are plotted below.
..image:: Ce_DOS.png
:width:700
:align:center
As one may clearly see, the Ce *4f* band is split by the local Coulomb interaction into the filled lower Hubbard band and empty upper Hubbard band (the latter is additionally split into several peaks due to the Hund's rule coupling and multiplet effects).
